当好技术意味着坏教学——学生说,在教室里给那些没有受训过的教授工具可能会比好的技术造成更多的伤害
原文作者 JEFFREY R. YOUNG 单位
摘要:
大学花费了上百万元的“智能教室”,配备了最新的小工具,以协助教学-电脑投影系统,在每个座位的互联网端口,甚至摄像机与运动探测器,可以跟踪讲师的运动。但是大学花费更少的时间和金钱给教授们使用最简单的技术的技巧。结果:学生说技术实际上使他们的一些教授更加效率低比如果他们坚持在黑板上讲课。
关键词:无聊的演示; 故障; 智能房间;未经训练
当好技术意味着坏教学:学生说,在教室里给那些没有受训过的教授工具可能会比好的技术造成更多的伤害
作者:JEFFREY R. YOUNG
康涅狄格学院的高级学生艾莉森·莱斯特(Alison Lesht)害怕参加她在大学有线教室里的有机化学课程。这不是因为材料是密集的和具有挑战性的。而是因为她的教授“会在PowerPoint幻灯片上写下她之后要读的完整的句子,”Lesht女士,一位主修生物学和宗教研究解释道。“它事实上并没有给讲座添加任何其他东西,它只是做了一切更复杂和复杂。
“我称之为“PowerPoint滥用”,”她说。 “这是相当普遍。”
学院为了协助教学 - 计算机投影系统花费了数百万建造配备有最新工具的 “智能教室”,以,每个座位都设互联网端口,甚至还装有可以跟踪讲师的动作的运动检测器摄像机。但是大学却很少花时间和金钱去有效地传授和训练那些教授们使用那些甚至可以说是最简单的技术的技能。
结果:学生说技术实际上使他们的一些教授的效率远远低于
那些教授坚持在黑板上的演讲的效率。
这个问题在上个月被一个由300个大学和几个对技术感兴趣的公司赞助商所支持的应用教育中心所发布的全国调查中得到了重视和强调。在对13个不同类型学院的学生进行调查和访谈后,
小组说,他们对教授如何使用技术的负面评论的数量感到惊讶
技术。 “定性的发现表明,学生强烈认为教师使用技术的能力很差”研究人员的报告提到。“许多学生评论他们的教师缺乏技能。”
一些投诉涉及Lesht女士的关于PowerPoint的滥用事例,但其他技术的教学失误也被说到。一些教练浪费了上课时间摸索投影机或软件。有些要求学生使用聊天室和其他在线功能,未经审核,或这似乎已经被作为事后的想法附加到大纲。有些人以传达课程资料为代价去花太多时间教学生一些古怪的Web工具。
在由Chronicle采访的各个大学,有十多名学生也描述了类似的例子。
“我认为你可以去任何校园找到这些东西,” 大学技术采购帮助顾问沃伦Arbogast说。
学生也抱怨到,然而当教授不试图使用新的工具,教师们受到压力只能去尝试那些令他们并不舒服的高科技工具。
“期望已经改变,” 俄亥俄州迈阿密大学管理信息系统助理教授道格拉斯Havelka说,并提及学生想要PowerPoint或Web演示文稿。“现在存在我们对他们的愿望和他们的愿望非常敏感的一种倾向,因为我们非常敏感那些学生评价”。
虽然许多大学提供可选的培训课程或如何在教学中使用技术的研讨会,但是一些教授说他们太忙于研究参与,特别是在任期委员会以至于很少时间去注重有效的教学。
“全体教师像查理·布朗老师一样在“我说话,你听”的环境中学习”Arbogast说到。 “现在我们处于习惯说“使用这个”电子工具的环境下。”
一些大学正在努力改善教师培训,并提供更多的激励以便能够在教室中更有效地利用技术,Arbogast先生说,他认为这样的努力才能实现投资机构做出的承诺。
“那些正在做的,”他说,“就是我们可以看到的奖励。
无聊的演示
在教室中使用的最常见的技术似乎是PowerPoint,它也是被学生批评最多的。
一个好的PowerPoint演示文稿可以通过提供图像来支持关键点,并有一组准备好的幻灯片可以保持教授在切线上不会偏离。很多同学也赞美PowerPoint幻灯片易于阅读,教授的板书可能是很潦草难以辨认。
但学生说一些教授只是简单地把笔记写进PowerPoint演示文稿,然后去阅读它们,这样如果教授没有使用幻灯片的话,知识的传递会更加平滑顺畅。
“有时候他们不会用它来规划重点,” 一个萨福克县社区大学的二年级生Sara E. Sullivan说。 “他们用它来代替他们的课程计划。
正如一个学生对Educause研究中的研究人员所说:“大多数人正在接受他们的讲座把内容放在PowerPoint上。用黑板,至少灯光亮起来,你不会入睡。
而且与教授可以在演讲期间用钢笔注释的开放式幻灯片不同,PowerPoint幻灯片在上课时不能轻易改变。
“有时开放式更好,因为你可以它们,这是一种互动的功能,这就是PowerPoint所不具备的,”俄亥俄大学主校区的高年纪学生Bryan P. Duffie说,。
越来越多地,教授们将PowerPoint幻灯片放在网上课前或课后,那样学生可以更便利地获取帮助。但是当学生经常要求这项服务,它也可能使他们不大可能去上课。
当学生出现在这样的课堂上时,他们可以使用教室昂贵的技术来专注除了讲座之外的事情。 “如果他正在读我一个PowerPoint,然后我可以自己读,然后我会检查我的电子邮件,”圣约瑟夫大学的一个大三学生Brian J. Rizman说,并补充到一些教室在每个座位都有一台电脑。
康涅狄格大学生物系主任Stephen H. Loomis说他并不感到惊讶这种态度。他第一次尝试使用PowerPoint产生类似的差的结果。
“我发现,很多时候,它允许学生脱离,而不是变得更多的参与你所覆盖的主题,”他说,“我不认为大多数人能够很好地在使用它。
拥有终身职位的Loomis先生说,他花了相当多的时间寻找新的方法去在他的课堂上使用技术,而且他的方法似乎受到学生的欢迎。他说,例如,他要求学生在上课前把与他的人体生理学课教科书相配套的光盘上的课程完成一遍,而且这些课堂的讨论将会更加丰富。
他是该学院教学和学习中心的董事会成员,他还为教授们提供关于如何为他们的课程设计网站和如何有效地使用PowerPoint的暑期工作坊。但他说,他那些听说他的高科技实验的大学同事说他们太忙于研究和他们认为的有助于帮助他们升级的其他义务。
“支持系统现在到能够真正促进技术的有效利用的地步,”
Loomis说。 “我基本上等到了直到我是一个终身正教授,直到我开始进入这种东西。
加利福尼亚州洛杉矶大学生命科学核心课程计划的学术管理员Steven Strand说,当他第一次开始使用PowerPoint和在Web上张贴幻灯片时,他的课的出勤率下降了20%。 “如果你给他们全部,他们假设他们不必来演讲,”他说。
现在,他制作的幻灯片充满了空白和缺少的信息,那样他在演讲期间可以大声填空。他还使用幻灯片通过偶尔的卡通或插图来调理他说的话。“我们是好的视觉学习者,”他说。“我们不通过看字眼来形象化。
故障
当教授不熟悉这项技术时,他们也更可能浪费上课时间
去进行故障排除,学生说。
“当你坐在课堂上只有一个小时,而且那个课程有15分钟是教授抱怨他们试图得到什么而去工作或试图追踪某人使它工作的时候,它会让你分心”,俄亥俄大学的一名资深人士Wrienne T. Mitchell在”Educause“报告中回忆说。
一些学生也抱怨教授使用课程管理系统的方式,如黑板和WebCT这些已经在许多校园中普遍存在的课程管理系统。
这种系统的最受欢迎的特征之一是在线讨论论坛。但不是所有在线讨论是有帮助的,教授有时要求学生参加,但不纳入
讨论进入课程,以至于讨论看起来像忙碌。正如一个学生对教育研究人员说:“学生不读其他学生的答复,只读那些由学院成员发布。他们写出回应,以满足班级的参与要求。”
爱荷华州立大学物理学高级专业毕业生Liz Potter说,她的一个课程有一个在线课程讨论论坛,但不是必需的活动,也不是非常有用。“说实话,这是我这一天的日常的笑,“她说。与谈论课程的内容相反,参与者通常做匿名的帖子,他们批评教师或吟诵多么困难的作业。 “我会去看看人们在抱怨什么,然后我会笑起来,”她说。
玛德琳·亨利,是教授300名学生的古典研究课的两位教授中的其中一个,。亨利说,这是她第一次使用聊天室或WebCT的其他功能,她认为这有助于管理大类。 “我期待在讨论论坛有更多智力参与,”亨利女士说。当她读测验太难了的匿名投诉,她就会想一想自己,“你知道,伙计,你其实可以坐在你的书上并找出你需要的下一个测验,而不是“抱怨,虽然她补充说,许多学生正在选修课程来满足一个要求,而不是作为他们主修的一部分。
“这里有一个潜力,”她承认,“如果你花费太多的时间在这些房间和并没有到达任何地方那就是属于浪费时间。”
然而,学生认为更多的教授在课程管理系统中应该利用互动功能,并努力将它们整合到课程中。同样有人抱怨教授完全忽略工具。
迈阿密大学的一名高级工程师Casey J. North说,他的教授中只有一个使用过黑板,即使软件已经在校园里可用了多年。他说,甚至有些的软件基本功能,如提供一站式Web位置分发课程大纲,在线阅读和其他材料,将是有益的。 “它很少被使用,我认为它可以一个非常有效的工具,”他说。
教育研究人员注意到了同样的趋势。 “有点失望地看到教师使用最少的功能正是对学生学习贡献最大的互动功能。”报告说。
智能房间
智能教室的许多功能也没有使用,技术顾问Arbogost先生说。
“我说的是把很多钱放在装进教学空间的设备上,但是并没有给任何人造成任何好处。”他说。
技术可以使教学更具互动性,这正式吸引学生注意力的所在,他说。但许多大学为教授提供培训课程,这些培训太过专注于工具,而不是专注于教授如何更好地使用工具,他认为。“我不在乎他们是否使用Dixie杯和他们技术的串,”他说。 “我试着进入你为什么在第一时间进入教学?”
他说,大学官员也应该为教授提供更多的经济激励去参加这样的研讨会。如果管理员计划为新教室花费数百万美元的电子硬件例如,他说他们应该至少预算5万美元,给予那些参加培训教师小额奖励。
“如果你要求你的教师花这么多时间,你需要给教师一些
补偿“,他说。
普林斯顿大学的技术外展协调员霍华德·斯特劳斯同意学院也专注于智能教室。他说,大学应该为每个教室配备一些基础设施,主要是一个具有连接到投影系统的因特网的计算机。然后,他说,大学应该鼓励所有教授采取小步骤,而不是只有一些具有钟声和口哨的课程。
人在智能教室里试图做的许多事情做得很糟糕,“他说,”我们真正需要的而不是智能教室是聪明的教师和聪明的学习者。
一个对教师培训采取积极方法的机构是弗吉尼亚理工学院。多年来,弗吉尼亚州Tech已经提供教授新的办公计算机作为他们参加其三或四天的夏天技术研讨会的奖励。该计划已有96%的教师参加。
“关于技术的销售节目,它将改变学院,因为它提供给你
互动的机会,”弗吉尼亚理工学院学习技术副副总裁Anne H. Moore说。但是这在没有训练的情况下不会发生。“这不是自动的。”
这些在每周的课堂聚会上一直好的、差的丑的坐着挺到结束学生们同意到。
正如迈阿密大学的高级教授阿蒂·巴斯塔尼(Artin Bastani)所说:“如果你打算尝试使用技术,要不就正确使用它要不就干脆不要使用它。
如何在课堂上使用技术
在最近Educause对13个大学的高等教育技术小组执行的一项调查中,学生说他们喜欢技术 - 当使用得很好的时候 - 但当去使用PowerPoint,课程管理系统和一些其他类型的课堂技术时有些会给他们的教授失不及格的分数。
一些具体投诉:
1.逐字阅读PowerPoint幻灯片:许多教授用文本填充幻灯片,然后背诵文本在课堂上,有些学生说,如果教授没有使用幻灯片可能会知识的传递更加流畅。
2.用软件和电缆浪费课堂时间:教授不熟悉技术可能会花费太多时间排除故障而不是教学。
3.没有适度的聊天室:有些教授要求学生每周做出贡献到在线聊天室,但从来没有监视结果或提到课堂上的讨论,仅仅使讨论看起来像是很忙碌。
来源:Educause应用研究中心
版权所有。 2006 by The Chronicle of Higher Education
外文文献出处:Educause应用研究中心
媒体会影响学习吗?
重构的辩论
原文作者 Robert B. Kozma
单位The University of Michigan
摘要:
When Good Technology Means Bad Teaching: Giving professors gadgets without training can do more harm than good in the classroom, students say By JEFFREY R. YOUNG Abstract:Colleges have spent millions on 'smart classrooms' packed with the latest gadgets to assist teaching --computerized projection systems, Internet ports at every seat, even video cameras with motion detectors that can track the movements of a lecturer. But colleges have spent far less time and money giving professors the skills to use even the simplest technology effectively. The result: Students say technology actually makes some of their professors less effective than they would be if they stuck to a lecture at the chalkboard. Keywords: Dull Presentations;alfunctions;Smart Rooms;Untrained; Alison Lesht, a senior at Connecticut College, dreaded going to her organic-chemistry classes, held in one of the colleges wired classrooms. ?? It wasnt that the material was dense and challenging. It was because her professor 'would write on the PowerPoint slides complete sentences, which she would then read,' explains Ms. Lesht, who is majoring in biology and minoring in religious studies. 'It didnt really add anything to the lecture. It just made everything more complicated and convoluted.' ??'I call it PowerPoint abuse,' she says. 'Its pretty widespread.'?? Colleges have spent millions on 'smart classrooms' packed with the latest gadgets to assist teaching -- computerized projection systems, Internet ports at every seat, even video cameras with motion detectors that can track the movements of a lecturer. But colleges have spent far less time and money giving professors the skills to use even the simplest technology effectively. ??The result: Students say technology actually makes some of their professors less effective than they would be if they stuck to a lecture at the chalkboard. ??The problem was underscored in a national survey released last month by the Educause Center for Applied Research, a group supported by 300 colleges and several corporate sponsors interested in academic technology. After surveying and interviewing students at 13 colleges of different types, researchers for the group said they were surprised by the number of negative comments about how professors used technology. 'The qualitative findings revealed students strong feeling that faculty use technology poorly,' said the researchers report. 'Many students commented on their instructors lack of skill.'?? Some complaints involved the kind of PowerPoint abuse bemoaned by Ms. Lesht, but other technological teaching blunders were cited as well. Some instructors wasted class time fumbling with projectors or software. Some required students to use chat rooms and other online features that went unmoderated, or that seemed to have been tacked on to the syllabus as afterthoughts. Some devoted too much time to teaching students some quirky Web tool at the expense of delivering course material. ??Similar examples were described by more than a dozen students at various colleges who were interviewed by The Chronicle. ??'I think you could go to any campus and find these things,' says Warren Arbogast, a consultant who helps colleges decide what kind of technology to purchase. ??Students also complain, however, when professors make no attempt to use new tools, putting pressure on faculty members to try high-tech tools even if they are not comfortable with them. ??'Expectations have changed,' says Douglas Havelka, assistant professor of management information systems at Miami University, in Ohio, who says students want PowerPoint or Web presentations. 'There is a tendency for us to be very responsive to their wants and their desires because we are very sensitive about those student evaluations.'? ?Though many colleges offer optional training sessions or workshops on how to use technology in teaching, some professors say they are too busy with research to participate, especially when tenure committees put so little emphasis on effective teaching.?? 'Faculty learned in an environment much like Charlie Browns teacher -- I talk, you listen,' says Mr. Arbogast. 'Now we roll in an electronic gadget and say, Use this.' ??A few colleges are working to improve the training faculty members get, and to offer more incentives for the effective use of technology in the classroom, says Mr. Arbogast, who believes that such efforts are the only way to realize the promise of the investments institutions have made.?? 'Those that are doing it,' he says, 'are seeing the rewards.'?? Dull Presentations?? The most common technology used in the classroom seems to be PowerPoint, and it is also the most criticized by students. ??A good PowerPoint presentation can enliven a lecture by offering imagery to support key points, and having a prepared set of slides can keep professors from straying off on tangents. Many students also praise PowerPoint slides for being easy to read, noting that professors chalkboard scrawls can be illegible. ??But students say some professors simply dump their notes into PowerPoint presentations and then read them, which can make the delivery even flatter than it would be if the professor did not use slides. ?? 'Sometimes they dont use it to make their points,' says Sara E. Sullivan, a sophomore at Suffolk County Community College. 'They use it in lieu of their lesson plan.'?? As one student told researchers in the Educause study: 'The majority are taking their lectures and just putting them on PowerPoint. ... W
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When Good Technology Means Bad Teaching: Giving professors gadgets without training can do more harm than good in the classroom, students say By JEFFREY R. YOUNG Abstract:Colleges have spent millions on 'smart classrooms' packed with the latest gadgets to assist teaching --computerized projection systems, Internet ports at every seat, even video cameras with motion detectors that can track the movements of a lecturer. But colleges have spent far less time and money giving professors the skills to use even the simplest technology effectively. The result: Students say technology actually makes some of their professors less effective than they would be if they stuck to a lecture at the chalkboard. Keywords: Dull Presentations;alfunctions;Smart Rooms;Untrained; Alison Lesht, a senior at Connecticut College, dreaded going to her organic-chemistry classes, held in one of the colleges wired classrooms. ?? It wasnt that the material was dense and challenging. It was because her professor 'would write on the PowerPoint slides complete sentences, which she would then read,' explains Ms. Lesht, who is majoring in biology and minoring in religious studies. 'It didnt really add anything to the lecture. It just made everything more complicated and convoluted.' ??'I call it PowerPoint abuse,' she says. 'Its pretty widespread.'?? Colleges have spent millions on 'smart classrooms' packed with the latest gadgets to assist teaching -- computerized projection systems, Internet ports at every seat, even video cameras with motion detectors that can track the movements of a lecturer. But colleges have spent far less time and money giving professors the skills to use even the simplest technology effectively. ??The result: Students say technology actually makes some of their professors less effective than they would be if they stuck to a lecture at the chalkboard. ??The problem was underscored in a national survey released last month by the Educause Center for Applied Research, a group supported by 300 colleges and several corporate sponsors interested in academic technology. After surveying and interviewing students at 13 colleges of different types, researchers for the group said they were surprised by the number of negative comments about how professors used technology. 'The qualitative findings revealed students strong feeling that faculty use technology poorly,' said the researchers report. 'Many students commented on their instructors lack of skill.'?? Some complaints involved the kind of PowerPoint abuse bemoaned by Ms. Lesht, but other technological teaching blunders were cited as well. Some instructors wasted class time fumbling with projectors or software. Some required students to use chat rooms and other online features that went unmoderated, or that seemed to have been tacked on to the syllabus as afterthoughts. Some devoted too much time to teaching students some quirky Web tool at the expense of delivering course material. ??Similar examples were described by more than a dozen students at various colleges who were interviewed by The Chronicle. ??'I think you could go to any campus and find these things,' says Warren Arbogast, a consultant who helps colleges decide what kind of technology to purchase. ??Students also complain, however, when professors make no attempt to use new tools, putting pressure on faculty members to try high-tech tools even if they are not comfortable with them. ??'Expectations have changed,' says Douglas Havelka, assistant professor of management information systems at Miami University, in Ohio, who says students want PowerPoint or Web presentations. 'There is a tendency for us to be very responsive to their wants and their desires because we are very sensitive about those student evaluations.'? ?Though many colleges offer optional training sessions or workshops on how to use technology in teaching, some professors say they are too busy with research to participate, especially when tenure committees put so little emphasis on effective teaching.?? 'Faculty learned in an environment much like Charlie Browns teacher -- I talk, you listen,' says Mr. Arbogast. 'Now we roll in an electronic gadget and say, Use this.' ??A few colleges are working to improve the training faculty members get, and to offer more incentives for the effective use of technology in the classroom, says Mr. Arbogast, who believes that such efforts are the only way to realize the promise of the investments institutions have made.?? 'Those that are doing it,' he says, 'are seeing the rewards.'?? Dull Presentations?? The most common technology used in the classroom seems to be PowerPoint, and it is also the most criticized by students. ??A good PowerPoint presentation can enliven a lecture by offering imagery to support key points, and having a prepared set of slides can keep professors from straying off on tangents. Many students also praise PowerPoint slides for being easy to read, noting that professors chalkboard scrawls can be illegible. ??But students say some professors simply dump their notes into PowerPoint presentations and then read them, which can make the delivery even flatter than it would be if the professor did not use slides. ?? 'Sometimes they dont use it to make their points,' says Sara E. Sullivan, a sophomore at Suffolk County Community College. 'They use it in lieu of their lesson plan.'?? As one student told researchers in the Educause study: 'The majority are taking their lectures and just putting them on PowerPoint. ... W
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