设计思维视角下的创客教育实践模式研究的外文翻译资料

设计思维视角下的创客教育实践模式研究的外文翻译

原文作者 Baeckamp; Gremett 单位 SAP User Experience Community

设计思维概论

设计思维是设计界最近的热门词汇之一。在这篇介绍性的文章中，我将研究什么是设计思维，它的主要特征是什么，并查看与之相关的过程和方法。我还将简要回顾一下设计思维的历史。

一、设计思维的定义

什么是设计思维？首先，我将概述什么是设计思维。教学和实践设计思维的方法多种多样，定义和描述也相应地有所不同。

（一）设计方法论

基本上，设计思维是一种设计方法。它不同于传统的设计方法，具体方式如下所述。例如，一些作者认为设计思维比传统的设计方法更具创造性和更以用户为中心。

（二）解决问题的方法或过程

设计思维可以被视为一种解决问题的方法，或者根据某些定义是一种解决问题的过程（但方法和过程之间的区别见下文）。作为一种解决问题的方法，设计思维对于解决所谓的“邪恶”问题特别有用。邪恶意味着他们定义不清或狡猾。对于定义不清的问题，在解决问题的过程开始时，问题和解决方案都是未知的（与“驯服的”或“定义明确的”问题相反，问题是显而易见的，并且有一些技术知识就可以解决问题）。即使问题的大致方向可能很明确，也会花费相当多的时间和精力来澄清需求。因此，在设计思维中，很大一部分问题解决活动是由定义和塑造问题组成的。由此产生的问题解决方案被认为是创造性的、流动的和开放的，也是对未来改进结果的探索（这与赫伯特A.西蒙（Herbert A.Simon，1969）对设计的定义一致，即“将现有条件转变为首选条件”）。

（三）创造性方法

与分析性思维不同的是，分析思维与思想的“分解”有关，设计思维是一个建立在“构思”基础上的创造性过程。正如Baeckamp;amp;Gremett（2011）所言，分析方法侧重于缩小设计选择范围，而设计思维侧重于拓展范围，至少在设计过程的早期阶段。

在设计思维中，设计师不会对创意的质量做出任何早期判断。因此，这将最大限度地减少对失败的恐惧，并最大限度地提高构思（头脑风暴）和原型阶段（见下文）的投入和参与。在早期的过程阶段鼓励“跳出框框思考”（“狂野的想法”），因为这种思维方式被认为能够带来创造性的解决方案，否则这种方案就不会出现。这里的座右铭是“每个人都是设计师”。

（四）以用户为中心的方法，将设计带入商业世界

设计思维是一种比传统设计方法更具创造性和以用户为中心的解决问题的方法。他们指出，“设计思维无视显而易见的事实，而是采用一种更具实验性的方法。”这种方法的核心在于理解客户：所有的想法和后续工作都源于对客户的了解。

设计思维方法不仅仅适用于设计问题。设计思维被认为是将设计方法应用于生活中任何情况的一种方式。它经常被用来探索和定义业务问题，以及定义产品和服务。换句话说，设计思维将设计方法引入商业世界。在这一点上，设计思维被描述为一门学科，在这门学科中，设计师的敏感性和方法与符合人们的需求，通过运用技术上可行的方法，并思考可行的商业战略可以转化为客户价值和市场的机会。作为一种方法论或思维方式，它结合了对问题背景的同理心、产生见解和解决方案的创造性、分析解决方案并使之适合具体情况的合理性和反馈，所有这些都有助于获得满足用户需求的解决方案，同时创造收入，即推动业务成功。

二、设计思维的属性

在定义设计思维的过程中，我已经提到了它的一些特性或属性。在下面的表1中，我列出了Baeckamp;amp;Gremett（2011）总结的设计思维核心属性及其描述。这样可以更好地概述属性。我还根据上面的定义添加了一些注释来解释属性和定义是如何组合在一起的。

表1：设计思维的核心属性（来自Baeckamp;amp;Gremett，2011）及其说明和评论

https://experience.sap.com/skillup/introduction-to-design-thinking/

Introduction to Design Thinking

Design Thinking is one of the more recent buzz words in the design community. In this introductory article, I will investigate what Design Thinking is, what its main characteristics are, and take a look at the process and the methods associated with it. I will also take a brief look at the history of Design Thinking.

What Is Design Thinking?

First, I will outline what Design Thinking is all about. There are various ways of teaching and practicing Design Thinking, and definitions and descriptions vary accordingly.

A Design Methodology

Basically, Design Thinking is a design methodology. It differs from traditional design approaches in specific ways described below. For example, some authors characterize Design Thinking as more creative and user-centered than traditional design approaches.

A Problem-Solving Approach or Process

Design Thinking can be regarded as a problem solving method or, by some definitions, a process for the resolution of problems (but see below for the differences between methods and process).

As a solution-based approach to solving problems, Design Thinking is particularly useful for addressing so-called “wicked” problems. Wicked means that they are ill-defined or tricky. For ill-defined problems, both the problem and the solution are unknown at the outset of the problem-solving process (as opposed to “tame” or “well-defined” problems, where the problem is evident and the solution is possible with some technical knowledge.) Even when the general direction of the problem may be clear, considerable time and effort is spent on clarifying the requirements. Thus, in Design Thinking, a large part of the problem-solving activity is comprised of defining and shaping the problem.

The resulting problem resolution is regarded as creative, fluid, and open, and also as the search for an improved future result (this is in line with Herbert A. Simonrsquo;s (1969) definition of design as the “transformation of existing conditions into preferred ones.”)

A Creativity Approach

Unlike analytical thinking, which is associated with the “breaking down” of ideas, Design Thinking is a creative process based on the “building up” of ideas. As Baeck amp; Gremett (2011) put it, analytical approaches focus on narrowing the design choices, while Design Thinking focuses on going broad, at least during the early stages of the process.

In Design Thinking, designers do not make any early judgments about the quality of ideas. As a result, this minimizes the fear of failure and maximizes input and participation in the ideation (brainstorming) and prototype phases (see below). “Outside the box thinking” (“wild ideas”) is encouraged in the earlier process stages, since this style of thin

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设计思维视角下的创客教育实践模式研究的外文翻译原文

Introduction to Design Thinking

Baeckamp; Gremett SAP User Experience Community

Design Thinking is one of the more recent buzz words in the design community. In this introductory article, I will investigate what Design Thinking is, what its main characteristics are, and take a look at the process and the methods associated with it. I will also take a brief look at the history of Design Thinking.

What Is Design Thinking?

First, I will outline what Design Thinking is all about. There are various ways of teaching and practicing Design Thinking, and definitions and descriptions vary accordingly.

A Design Methodology

Basically, Design Thinking is a design methodology. It differs from traditional design approaches in specific ways described below. For example, some authors characterize Design Thinking as more creative and user-centered than traditional design approaches.

A Problem-Solving Approach or Process

Design Thinking can be regarded as a problem solving method or, by some definitions, a process for the resolution of problems (but see below for the differences between methods and process).

As a solution-based approach to solving problems, Design Thinking is particularly useful for addressing so-called “wicked” problems. Wicked means that they are ill-defined or tricky. For ill-defined problems, both the problem and the solution are unknown at the outset of the problem-solving process (as opposed to “tame” or “well-defined” problems, where the problem is evident and the solution is possible with some technical knowledge.) Even when the general direction of the problem may be clear, considerable time and effort is spent on clarifying the requirements. Thus, in Design Thinking, a large part of the problem-solving activity is comprised of defining and shaping the problem.

The resulting problem resolution is regarded as creative, fluid, and open, and also as the search for an improved future result (this is in line with Herbert A. Simonrsquo;s (1969) definition of design as the “transformation of existing conditions into preferred ones.”)

A Creativity Approach

Unlike analytical thinking, which is associated with the “breaking down” of ideas, Design Thinking is a creative process based on the “building up” of ideas. As Baeck amp; Gremett (2011) put it, analytical approaches focus on narrowing the design choices, while Design Thinking focuses on going broad, at least during the early stages of the process.

In Design Thinking, designers do not make any early judgments about the quality of ideas. As a result, this minimizes the fear of failure and maximizes input and participation in the ideation (brainstorming) and prototype phases (see below). “Outside the box thinking” (“wild ideas”) is encouraged in the earlier process stages, since this style of thinking is believed to lead to creative solutions that would not have emerged otherwise. The motto here is “everyone is a designer.”

A User-Centered Approach That Brings Design into the Business World

According to Baeck amp; Gremett (2011), Design Thinking is a more creative and user-centered approach to problem solving than traditional design methods. They point out that “Design Thinking defies the obvious and instead embraces a more experimental approach.” The heart of the method is in understanding the customer: All ideas and subsequent work stem from knowing the customer.

The Design Thinking methodology is not just applied to design problems. Design Thinking is seen as a way to apply design methodologies to any of lifersquo;s situations. It is often used to explore and define business problems and to define products and services. In other words, Design Thinking brings the design approach into the business world. In this vein, Design Thinking has been characterized as a discipline in which the designerrsquo;s sensibility and methods match peoplersquo;s needs, by applying what is technically feasible and by contemplating what a viable business strategy can convert into customer value and market opportunity. As a methodology or style of thinking, it combines empathy for the context of a problem, creativity in the generation of insights and solutions, and rationality and feedback to analyze and fit solutions to the context – All this helps derive a solution that meets user needs and at the same time generates revenue, that is, drives business success.

Attributes of Design Thinking

In the course of defining Design Thinking, I have already mentioned a number of its characteristics or attributes. In Table 1 below, I list the Design Thinking core attributes, together with their descriptions, as summarized by Baeck amp; Gremett (2011). This provides a better overview of the attributes. I also added some comments based on the definitions above to explain how attributes and definitions fit together.